![]() Thus lines (routes) with required gradients can easily be found. The gradient of a straight line in percent can be drafted by the height of a right angled triangle with a base of 100 units. There are several types of clinometers which can be used to determine gradients but basically are all the same, based on the principle of gravity.įor example, 1 percent is one part of a hundred (equal to 1100 or 0.01) 45 percent is 45 parts of a hundred (equal to 45100 or 0.45). ![]() The vertical axis of a pendulum instrument corresponds to the direction of gravity an angle of 90 the horizontal level (collimation line) of the instrument is optically fixed, from which vertical angles (in percent or degrees) can be measured. These optical instruments combine accuracy with low weight and volume, thus allowing high output even in difficult terrain and dense forests. The height of the instrument pole is adapted to the comfortable eye height of the instrument man.
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